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Large-scale electricity storage technologies cover a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from fast power quality applications to improve reliability all the way to slow energy management applications to improve profitability. These applications require energy discharges from a fraction of a second in high power applications to hours in high energy applications.
The high power side of this spectrum includes power quality and uninterrupted power supply (UPS) applications, where electricity storage technologies, such as capacitors, flywheels, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), etc., are used within fractions of a second to improve reliability.
The high energy side of this spectrum includes energy management applications such as load leveling, peak shaving and arbitrage where electricity storage technologies such as pumped hydro, compressed air, flow batteries, etc. are used in daily cycles for economic gain.
In between the above two extremes of the electricity storage spectrum are a range of applications where stored energy is used in minutes rather than seconds or hours. This range includes spinning reserve applications for electric power grid stability and switching between energy sources.
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